Originally posted by: Kai_E. https://forum.duolingo.com/comment/3859133
Content
Introduction
Past participle: regular verbs
Past participle: irregular verbs
Hebben or zijn?
Don’t let the name fool you: the “present perfect” tense is all about the past. In English, the present perfect tense is formed using the auxiliary verb “to have” and a past participle.
For example:
I have eaten.
In Dutch, this tense is also formed using the Dutch counterpart of the verb “to have”, namely hebben, but you also use the verb zijn (to be). You then use the past participle of the verb having the action that is being done in the past.
Past participle: regular verbs
As with the simple past tense, the past participle of regular verbs is formed using the stem as a base (infinitive without -en).
If one of the voiceless consonants -t, -k, -f, -s, -ch, or -p (helpful mnemonic: ’t kofschip) is at the end of the stem, the prefix ge- is added to the front, and -t is added to the end.
To simplify things, you can think of the “stem” as the “ik-form”. (i.e. ik werk, ik speel, etc.)
If “ik-form” ends in a voiceless consonant: ge- + “ik-form” + -t=past participle
In all other cases, the participle ends in -d:
If “ik-form ends in anything elsege- + “ik-form” + -d=past participle
wonen - Waar heb jij gewoond? (Where did you live?)
leren - Wij hebben veel geleerd. (We have learned a lot.)
NOTE: If the “ik-form” already ends in -d or -t, no additional d/t is added!
ik zet - ik heb gezet
ik antwoord - ik heb geantwoord
ANOTHER NOTE: Verbs having stems ending in -v or -z get a -d ending for the past participle!
leven -> ik leef -> ik heb geleefd
verhuizen -> ik verhuis -> ik ben verhuisd
The participle does not get the ge- prefix if it begins with any of the following unstressed prefixes:
Achtung German learners/speakers - unlike in German, the end of a verb does not determine whether the prefix ge- is added:
studeren - ik heb gestudeerd (ich habe studiert - I have studied)
proberen - ik heb geprobeerd (ich habe probiert - I have tried)
Past participle: irregular verbs
Some past participles are formed irregularly.
They often undergo a vowel change:
You can find a list of irregular Dutch verbs here.
Hebben or zijn?
As stated at the beginning, both hebben and zijn are used for the perfect tense. However, hebben is used in most cases.
Zij heeft niet geluisterd. (She did not listen.)
Ik heb het mes gebruikt. (I have used the knife.)
A certain number of verbs are always conjugated using zijn:
Some irregular verbs such as blijven and zijn:
Ik ben thuis gebleven. (I have stayed home.)
Ik ben ziek geweest. (I have been sick.)
Verbs that do not involve an object and indicate a change in condition:
worden (to become) - Ik ben oud geworden. (I have become old.)
komen (to come) - Ik ben niet gekomen.
NOTE: There are some exceptions where verbs that do involve an object still use "zijn".
These are: beginnen, kwijtraken, naderen and tegenkomen
Verbs of motion can use either hebben or zijn depending on the situation. If the emphasis is on the action, then the verb hebben is used. If the destination or direction should be emphasized, then the verb zijn is used.
Achtung German learners/speakers - in contrast to German, the following Dutch verbs use zijn (bold: Dutch; italics: German; plain: English):
afnemen - abnehmen - to decrease
beginnen - beginnen - to begin
bevallen - gefallen - to be pleasing
eindigen - enden - to end
ophouden - aufhören - to stop
stoppen - aufhören, anhalten - to stop
toenemen - zunehmen - to increase
trouwen - heiraten - to marry