I do agree with Julian_L, but just regarding the definition taken from the DLE: "7. conj. U. como conjunción causal, equivale a porque o pues," not with the explanations given.
From the moment that this "que" is equivalent to "porque" it should be accepted that it can, under certain conditions, be used instead of "porque" with the same meaning, as in the given example: "Levántate, que ya es hora" = "Levántate porque ya es hora."
Using "porque" does not need more words for one to use it. It is perfectly correct to say, "cierren la ventana porque hace frío."
As for the translations, both "que" and "porque" can be translated:
- Cierren la ventana, que hace frío → Close the window as it's cold
- Cierren la ventana porque hace frío → Close the window because it is cold
- ¿Dónde estás? Que no te veo → Where are you? That I can't see you
- ¿Dónde estás? Porque no te veo → Where are you? Because I can't see you
By the way, maybe a better translation for "¿que no escuché?" could be "that I did not hear?"
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